Ανταρκτική: Terra incognita της Επιστήμης ή το τελευταίο Ελντοράντο;
Αυτή η τεράστια έκταση του νότιου ημισφαιρίου όπως και η θάλασσα που την περιβάλλει αποτελούν ουσιώδη στοιχεία για την διατήρηση της κλιματικής μηχανής.
Απορροφούν τα τρία τέταρτα του πλεονάσματος της παγκόσμιας θερμότητας καθώς και το ένα τρίτο του διοξειδίου του άνθρακα που απορροφάται από τους ωκεανούς. Αυτός ο θαυμαστός κόσμος βρίσκεται σε κίνδυνο. Η κλιματική αλλαγή έχει ορατές και πιθανώς μη αναστρέψιμες επιπτώσεις στη θαλάσσια ζωή και βιοποικιλότητα.
Οι επιστήμονες κρούουν τον κώδωνα του κινδύνου: τα τελευταία τριάντα χρόνια (από το 1989 – 2018) η Ανταρκτική έγινε θερμότερη κατά 1,8 βαθμούς κελσίου, τρεις φορές πάνω από τον παγκόσμιο μέσο όρο. Αυτό έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα την λέπτυνση του θαλάσσιου πάγου.
Η αποστολή Belgica121 εξερεύνησε το 2019 την θαλάσσια βιοποικιλότητα της δυτικής χερσονήσου της Ανταρκτικής.
Στόχος ήταν να θεσπιστεί ένας λεπτομερής δείκτης αναφοράς των έμβιων ειδών στην περιοχή που είναι ιδιαίτερα εκτεθειμένη στην υπερθέρμανση του πλανήτη.
Ο Μπρουνό Ντανίς, επικεφαλής της αποστολής, είναι θαλάσσιος βιολόγος και καθηγητής στο Ελεύθερο Πανεπιστήμιο των Βρυξελλών. Συνέλλεξε πάνω από δυο χιλιάδες οργανικά και ορυκτά δείγματα.
Οι επιστήμονες τα αναλύουν επί του παρόντος προκειμένου να δημιουργήσουν μια συγκεκριμένη βάση δεδομένων.
«Οι ερευνητές και κυρίως οι επιστήμονες που ερευνούν την Ανταρκτική, έχοντας δεκαετίες επιτόπιας έρευνας πίσω τους, μας λένε πως υπάρχουν ορατές αλλαγές, ειδικά στην ξηρά. Αρχίζουν όμως σταδιακά να φαίνονται και στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον, καθώς για παράδειγμα, στην χερσόνησο της Ανταρκτικής έχουμε ένα σύστημα όπου τα παγόβουνα συνορεύουν με τα φιορδ και εκεί τα παγόβουνα λιώνουν και απομακρύνονται κατά κάποιο
Η μελέτη των τροποποιήσεων που παρατηρούνται στη βιοποικιλότητα και οφείλονται στην κλιματική αλλαγή, θα βοηθήσει τους επιστήμονες να σχεδιάσουν μελλοντικά σενάρια για την εξέλιξη των οικοσυστημάτων.
Αυτές οι μελέτες θα βοηθήσουν την διεθνή κοινότητα να λάβει σημαντικές αποφάσεις για την προστασία της βιοποικιλότητας στον νότιο ωκεανό.
«Έχουμε ένα οικοσύστημα εκτεθειμένο σε ταχείες αλλαγές για τις οποίες έχουμε πολύ λίγες γνώσεις. Επιπλέον, η Ανταρκτική είναι δύσκολα προσεγγίσιμη ειδικά με όρους logistics. Αυτό που μπορούμε όμως να κάνουμε για να περιορίσουμε αυτή την έλλειψη γνώσεων είναι να παράγουμε μοντέλα που μας βοηθούν να κάνουμε προβλέψεις και να συμπληρώνουμε τα κενά των γνώσεών μας».
Επιπρόσθετα στην κλιματική αλλαγή, η υπεραλίευση είναι ακόμη μια μεγάλη απειλή για αυτό το πλούσιο οικοσύστημα. Ένα από τα πιο περιζήτητα αλιεύματα είναι το κριλ, ένα δημοφιλές είδος μαλακόστρακου, που βρίσκεται στην καρδιά της διατροφικής αλυσίδας στον ανταρκτικό ωκεανό. (αποτελεί την κύρια τροφή για φάλαινες, πιγκουίνους, φώκιες και θαλασσοπούλια).
Για την προστασία της θαλάσσιας ζωής και την διαχείριση των περιοχών αλιείας, ιδρύθηκε το 1982 μια Επιτροπή για την Διατήρηση των Θαλάσσιων Αποθεμάτων της Ανταρκτικής .
Ένα σκέλος της αποστολής της ήταν και η οριοθέτηση προστατευόμενης θαλάσσιας ζώνης.
Κάθε συμφωνία ωστόσο είναι σε ισχύ μόνο όταν όλα τα συμβαλλόμενα μέρη φτάνουν σε συμβιβασμό.
Μέχρι σήμερα έχουν οριστεί μόνο δυο προστατευόμενες περιοχές. Η μία βρίσκεται στην Θάλασσα του Ρος όπου εντοπίζεται η τράπεζα πάγου ρος – ο μεγαλύτερος συμπαγής όγκος πάγου στον κόσμο – και η άλλη στη νότια υφαλοκρηπίδα των Νότιων Νησιών Όρκνεϊ ή Ορκάδες στη βόρεια Σκωτία. (με πράσινο χρώμα).
Με πορτοκαλί χρώμα, βλέπουμε τις δυο νέες προστατευόμενες περιοχές στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Τα κράτη μέλη υποστηρίζουν την οριοθέτησή τους.
Μια τρίτη πρόταση για προστατευόμενες θαλάσσιες περιοχές παρουσιάστηκε από την Αργεντινή και τη Χιλή.
Αυτές οι τρεις περιοχές θα μπορούσαν να εξασφαλίσουν την προστασία του 1% των ωκεανών της Γης.
«Η προστασία της Ανταρκτικής είναι σαν μια παγκόσμια παρτίδα σκάκι. Η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση υποστηρίζει το πιο φιλόδοξο σχέδιο στην ιστορία της για την δημιουργία προστατευόμενων περιοχών. Για να γίνει κάτι τέτοιο, ο Επίτροπος για το Περιβάλλον, τους Ωκεανούς και την Αλιεία Βιργκίνιους Σινκεβίτσιους έχει ανάγκη από ισχυρούς συμμάχους».
Το ευρωπαϊκό σχέδιο χρηματοδοτείται από τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, την Αυστραλία, τη Νέα Ζηλανδία, την Ουρουγουάη, τη Νορβηγία και το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο. Από την άλλη πλευρά, Κίνα και Ρωσία συνεχίζουν να αντιπαραθέτουν τις δικές τους προτάσεις κυρίως λόγω του ενδιαφέροντός τους για τα αλιεύματα στην περιοχή.
«Αυτές οι προστατευόμενες περιοχές θα δώσουν εξασφαλίσουν ότι η φύση θα μπορέσει να διατηρηθεί καθώς θα παραμένουν ανέγγιχτες από ανθρώπινη δραστηριότητα. Η φύση δεν έχει ανάγκη από επιπλέον δραστηριότητες, επιπλέον πίεση, εξόρυξη πρώτων υλών, αλιεία ή άλλες πιέσεις που επιτείνουν αυτές τις διαδικασίες. Θα πρέπει να κάνουν ό,τι μπορούμε για πείσουμε τη Ρωσία και την Κίνα και τους εταίρους τους ότι είναι είναι θέμα ύψιστης προτεραιότητας και για τις χώρες τους. Κι όπως είπα, εμείς είμαστε έτοιμοι να δεσμευθούμε».
Σύμφωνα με την Ζενεβιέβ Πονς, γενική διευθύντρια του think-tank Europe – Jacques Delors, η ηγεσία της Κίνας θα έπρεπε να αδράξει την ευκαιρία να διαδραματίσει κεντρικό ρόλο στην προστασία του κλίματος και της βιοποικιλότητας στον νότιο ωκεανό.
«Γνωρίζουμε πως ο κινέζος Σι Τζινπίνγκ δεσμεύθηκε τον Σεπτέμβριο του 2020 στη γενική συνέλευση του Οργανισμού Ηνωμένων Εθνών, να γίνει το αποτύπωμα της Κίνας σε άνθρακα ουδέτερο ως το 2060. Θα ήταν λοιπόν, μεγάλη αντίφαση αν επιτρέψει να καταστραφεί η τελευταία δεξαμενή άνθρακα, η Ανταρκτική».
«Οι Ρώσοι είναι μεταξύ εκείνων που, την 1η Δεκεμβρίου 1959, πρώτοι υπέγραψαν τη συμφωνία για την Ανταρκτική. Αυτό συνέβη εν μέσω Ψυχρού Πολέμου και ήταν πράγματι ιδιαίτερα εντυπωσιακή και αναπάντεχη πρωτοβουλία καθιστώντας την Ανταρκτική μια ήπειρο ειρήνης και προόδου της επιστήμης».
Στην παγκόσμια κούρσα για την προστασία των οικοσυστημάτων της Ανταρκτικής, η κοινωνία των πολιτών μπορεί να αποδειχθεί σημαντικός παίκτης. Από την Ευρώπη ως την Αμερική, πολλές πρωτοβουλίες αποσκοπούν στην επίτευξη κοινής γραμμής για την διατύπωση των προτάσεων που θα μπουν στην ατζέντα της επόμενης Συνόδου για το Κλίμα τον Οκτώβριο.
Η οργάνωση Sea Legacy, ένας διεθνής φορέας για την προώθηση πρακτικών για την προστασία των ωκεανών, υποστηρίζει προσεγγίσεις ήπιας διπλωματίας.
Η Κριστίνα Μιτελμάιερ είναι συνιδρύτρια της SeaLegacy. Απανατά τι είδους επιλογές και στρατηγικές υπάρχουν για να προχωρήσουν οι διαπραγματεύσεις για την Ανταρκτική;
«Πιστεύω πως εναπόκειται σε όλους εμάς να κινηθούμε επιθετικά μην απέναντι στη Ρωσία και την Κίνα αλλά να τις πιέσουμε να πράξουν το σωστό. Έχουμε ανάγκη από την υποστήριξη της κοινής γνώμης. Μια μεγάλη ομάδα πολιτών σε όλο τον πλανήτη που να επιθυμεί να αναλάβει δράση. Έχουμε μια πλατφόρμα τεχνολογίας που ονομάζεται OnlyOne που στεγάζει αυτή την πρωτοβουλία. Αυτό που διεκδικούμε από την προσεχή Σύνοδο είναι επισπευσθούν οι αποφάσεις για την προστασία της Ανταρκτικής».
Οι θαλάσσιες προστατευόμενες ζώνες δεν αποτελούν άμεση λύση για τις επιπτώσεις της κλιματικής αλλαγής. Παρ’ όλ’ αυτά, θα μπορούσαν να τονώσουν την ανθεκτικότητα των οικοσυστημάτων και να τα βοηθήσουν να προσαρμοστούν στην αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας.
Πολλοί επιστήμονες και σύμβουλοι πολιτικής καλούν σε μέτρα για την προστασία τουλάχιστον του 30% των ωκεανών μέχρι το 2030. Ένας στόχος που εφόσον επιτευχθεί θα εξασφάλιζε μακροπρόθεσμα την υγεία του πλανήτη μας.
Πηγή: https://hellasjournal.com/
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