Κορυφαίος αρχαιολόγος εξηγεί: Συγκλονιστικές οι ομοιότητες του κορωνοϊού με τον λοιμό στην Αθήνα του Θουκυδίδη
Ο κορυφαίος αρχαιολόγος Νίκος Καλτσάς που υπήρξε επί 12 χρόνια διευθυντής του Εθνικού Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου μας εξηγεί στο iefimerida, βήμα βήμα, το κείμενο του Θουκυδίδη που αφηγείται τον λοιμό στην αρχαία Αθήνα και αποκαλύπτει ανατριχιαστικές ομοιότητες με την πανδημία κορωνοϊού σήμερα.
Οι ομοιότητες; Τα συμπτώματα, οι ουρές με τα φέρετρα στο Μπέργκαμο, η συνωμοσιολογία, η «δημοκρατικότητα» του ιού απέναντι σε όλους -ακόμα και ο Περικλής χτυπήθηκε από τη νόσο.
Μια αφήγηση μοναδική που δείχνει πώς το κείμενο του Θουκυδίδη για τον λοιμό στην αρχαία Αθήνα είναι ακόμα ζωντανό, αναπνέει και συνομιλεί με την συνθήκη που ζούμε τώρα.
«Μια καταστροφή που δεν κάνει διακρίσεις σε φύλλο, ηλικία, θρήσκευμα, οικονομικό και κοινωνικό status. Ο πανίσχυρος Περικλής πέθανε μετά από δυο χρόνια χτυπημένος κι αυτός από τον θανατηφόρο ιό!» λέει ο Νίκος Καλτσάς.
Μας γράφει ο Νίκος Καλτσάς:
«Θα ξεκινήσω με ένα μικρό απόσπασμα από το κείμενο του μεγάλου ιστορικού.
“νόμοι τε πάντες ξυνεταράχθησαν οἷς ἐχρῶντο πρότερον περὶ τὰς ταφάς, ἔθαπτον δὲ ὡς ἕκαστος ἐδύνατο” (Δεν τηρούσαν πια καμιά από τις τελετές για την ταφή των νεκρών κι ο καθένας έθαβε τους δικούς του όπως μπορούσε). Διαβάζοντας κάποιος αυτή τη φράση του Θουκυδίδη δε μπορεί παρά να φέρει στη μνήμη του τις εικόνες της πομπής με τα ασυνόδευτα φέρετρα στην τραγική Ιταλία του χθες, του σήμερα. Πόσο πανικό και σε ποια κατάσταση φέρνει τον άνθρωπο μια πανδημία ιού; Πόσο επηρεάζει τη συμπεριφορά του και ποιες σκέψεις περνούν από το μυαλό του; Υπάρχουν άραγε κοινά σημεία ανάμεσα στο λοιμό της αρχαίας Αθήνας και στη σημερινή πανδημία του κορονοϊού;
Ο Θουκυδίδης, που θεωρείται ο αντικειμενικότερος όλων των ιστοριογράφων της αρχαιότητας, ζώντας ο ίδιος από κοντά τα γεγονότα του Πελοποννησιακού Πολέμου, και έχοντας ιαθεί από τη φοβερή αρρώστια, όπως ομολογεί, στο δεύτερο βιβλίο της Ιστορίας του (Θουκ. ΙΙ 2.47-255) αφιερώνει εννέα κεφάλαια στον πρωτοφανή λοιμό που έπληξε την πόλη –κράτος της Αθήνας στο δεύτερο έτος του πολέμου το 430 π. Χ.. Αναφέρεται σε αυτόν κυρίως με τη λέξη η νόσος και περιγράφει με εξαντλητικές λεπτομέρειες τόσο τα συμπτώματα της, όσο και τα παρεπόμενα αυτής της πανδημίας.
«Eντονοι πονοκέφαλοι, ψηλός πυρετός, φλόγωση και κοκκίνισμα των ματιών, φτέρνισμα και στη συνέχεια η νόσος έφτανε στο στήθος προκαλώντας δυνατό βήχα. Ο πυρετός ήταν τόσο ψηλός που οι άνθρωποι δεν μπορούσαν να ανεχθούν ούτε τα ρούχα τους και ήθελαν να είναι γυμνοί, ενώ κάποιοι έπεφταν στις στέρνες τυραννισμένοι από ακατάπαυστη δίψα, αλλά όσο κι αν έπιναν δεν μπορούσαν να τη σβήσουν. Η νόσος ήταν τέτοια, ώστε οι λέξεις δεν φτάνουν για να την περιγράψουν και χτυπούσε τόσο βαριά που δεν ήταν δυνατό να αντέξει η ανθρώπινη φύση και οι περισσότεροι πέθαιναν την έβδομη ή την ένατη μέρα». Τέτοιες και ακόμα περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες αναφέρει ο Θουκυδίδης γι αυτή τη θανατηφόρα επιδημία.
Το χειρότερο όλων, όμως ήταν το ότι οι άνθρωποι νοσηλεύοντας ο ένας τον άλλον κολλούσαν την αρρώστια, η οποία πλέον εξαπλωνόταν ανεξέλεγκτα. Οι γιατροί, μη γνωρίζοντας τη φύση της νόσου, πέθαιναν κι αυτοί όταν έρχονταν σε επαφή με τους αρρώστους. Οι πρακτικές και τα έθιμα ταφής είχαν εγκαταλειφθεί. Ο συνήθης τρόπος ήταν η καύση (ίσως και για λόγους προστασίας), αλλά πολλοί άνθρωποι, που δεν είχαν ούτε το χρόνο ούτε την οικονομική άνεση να έχουν δική τους πυρά, έριχναν τον δικό τους νεκρό σε πυρά στην οποία καίγονταν συγγενείς άλλων.
Ομαδικός τάφος με θύματα του λοιμού που βρέθηκε στον Κεραμεικό, έξω από το νεκροταφείο / Φωτογραφία από την έκδοση του Μουσείου Κυκλαδικής Τέχνης «Η πόλη από κάτω»
Ο ίδιος ο Θουκυδίδης προσβλήθηκε από τη νόσο και θεραπεύτηκε
Ο ομαδικός τάφος που βρέθηκε πριν από χρόνια κοντά στη συμβολή της Ιεράς οδού και της οδού Πειραιώς κατά τις ανασκαφές των εργασιών για το Μετρό της Αθήνας, είναι πολύ πιθανόν, όπως έχει ήδη υποστηριχθεί από τους ανασκαφείς, να σχετίζεται με τον λοιμό στην αρχαία Αθήνα. Οι 89 σκελετοί που ανήκαν σε άτομα διαφόρων ηλικιών και φύλων είχαν τοποθετηθεί στον ρηχό λάκκο με αταξία και βιαστικά. Η ταφή τους άλλωστε έξω από το νεκροταφείο του Κεραμεικού, εκτός από την έλλειψη χώρου, είχε ίσως και στόχο την προστασία της δημόσιας υγείας. Σύμφωνα, πάντως, με τις μελέτες που έκανε ο καθηγητής οδοντιατρικής Μανώλης Παπαγρηγοράκης σε κρανία και ιδιαίτερα στο κρανίο ενός κοριτσιού, διαπιστώθηκε ότι επρόκειτο για έναν τυφοειδή πυρετό.
Τον μεγαλύτερο οίκτο για τους αρρώστους ένιωθαν εκείνοι που είχαν προσβληθεί από τη νόσο, αλλά είχαν σωθεί, γιατί ήξεραν πολύ καλά τι σήμαινε αυτό, ενώ οι ίδιοι δεν είχαν πια κανένα φόβο. Σύμφωνα με τον Θουκυδίδη, η νόσος δεν πρόσβαλλε ποτέ τον ίδιο άνθρωπο δεύτερη φορά (είχε προφανώς αναπτύξει αντισώματα), αλλά ακόμα κι αν σπάνια τον πρόσβαλλε δεν ήταν θανατηφόρα. Ήταν, μας λέει, τόσο μεγάλη η χαρά όσων γίνονταν καλά που είχαν την πεποίθηση ότι δεν θα πέθαιναν ποτέ από καμιά άλλη αρρώστια.
Δεν άργησαν οι συνωμοσιολογίες
Σύμφωνα με πληροφορίες που συνέλεξε ο Θουκυδίδης, η νόσος ξεκίνησε, όπως φαίνεται, πιθανότατα από την Αιθιοπία κι από εκεί αφού έφτασε στη γειτονική Αίγυπτο και στη Λιβύη, μόλυνε πολλές περιοχές της αυτοκρατορίας του Βασιλέως (την τότε περσική αυτοκρατορία) . Ο ιστορικός τονίζει ότι υπήρξαν και άλλες επιδημίες που εμφανίστηκαν π. χ. στη Λήμνο, αλλά αυτή που έφτασε, άγνωστο πως, στην Αθήνα δεν είχε κανένα προηγούμενο.
Η νόσος έφτασε πρώτα στον Πειραιά κι από εκεί σιγά σιγά στο άστυ των Αθηνών. Μέσα στην ένταση του πολέμου εκφράστηκε αμέσως η πρώτη συνωμοσιολογία: ότι δηλ. οι Σπαρτιάτες έριξαν δηλητήρια στα πηγάδια του Πειραιά, στον οποίο δεν υπήρχαν κρήνες. “Eς δὲ τὴν Ἀθηναίων πόλιν ἐξαπιναίως ἐσέπεσε, καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἐν τῷ Πειραιεῖ ἥψατο τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὥστε καὶ ἐλέχθη ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ὡς οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι φάρμακα ἐσβεβλήκοιεν ἐς τὰ φρέατα· κρῆναι γὰρ οὔπω ἦσαν αὐτόθι. ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἐς τὴν ἄνω πόλιν ἀφίκετο”. Παρακάτω, βεβαίως, μας λέει ότι οι Σπαρτιάτες στην αρχή δεν είχαν ιδέα τι συνέβαινε μέσα στα τείχη της Αθήνας. Όταν, όμως πληροφορήθηκαν για τη νόσο, είτε από αυτομολήσαντες είτε γιατί το αντιλήφθηκαν βλέποντας τις φωτιές από τις καύσεις των νεκρών, εγκατέλειψαν την Αττική.
Συνωμοσιολογίες, προφητείες, χρησμοί ήρθαν στην επικαιρότητα και στις καθημερινές συζητήσεις. Ανάμεσα στις προφητείες επίκαιρος έγινε ένας χρησμός που θυμήθηκαν οι γεροντότεροι, ότι “θα έρθει πόλεμος δωρικός και μαζί του λοιμός”. Και καθώς ο χρησμός δόθηκε, ως συνήθως προφορικά, διαφωνίες εκφράζονταν για το αν αναφερόταν σε λοιμό δηλ. αρρώστια ή σε λιμό δηλ. σε πείνα. “Eγένετο μὲν οὖν ἔρις τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μὴ λοιμὸν ὠνομάσθαι ἐν τῷ ἔπει ὑπὸ τῶν παλαιῶν, ἀλλὰ λιμόν, ἐνίκησε δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος εἰκότως λοιμὸν εἰρῆσθαι· οἱ γὰρ ἄνθρωποι πρὸς ἃ ἔπασχον τὴν μνήμην ἐποιοῦντο”.
Η Μύρτις – Το πρόσωπο του κοριτσιού που βρέθηκε στον ομαδικό τάφο του Κεραμεικού και ανέπλασαν οι ειδικοί
O ίδιος ο Περικλής πέθανε από τη νόσο
Αλλά ο μέγας ιστορικός Θουκυδίδης έχοντας νου και λογική σχολιάζει το θέμα λέγοντας ότι τελικά δέχτηκαν όλοι ότι αναφερόταν σε λοιμό και συμπληρώνει: «Νομίζω ότι, αν ποτέ ξαναγίνει δωρικός πόλεμος και τύχει να έρθει μαζί λιμός (πείνα), θα τον ερμηνεύουν όπως θα ταιριάζει στην περίσταση» (δηλαδή όπως τους βολεύει).
ἢν δέ γε οἶμαί ποτε ἄλλος πόλεμος καταλάβῃ Δωρικὸς τοῦδε ὕστερος καὶ ξυμβῇ γενέσθαι λιμόν, κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς οὕτως ᾄσονται.
Πολιορκημένοι και έγκλειστοι μέσα στα τείχη της πόλης οι Αθηναίοι, σε έναν πόλεμο δύσκολο, με τους Σπαρτιάτες να έχουν καταστρέψει ότι υπήρχε στην ύπαιθρο χώρα της Αττικής, και αντιμετωπίζοντας έναν δεύτερο πόλεμο με μια ανεξέλεγκτη επιδημία να τους αποδεκατίζει, έχοντας εγκαταλείψει ακόμα και την ελπίδα στους θεούς, άφηναν τη φαντασία τους να εξυφαίνει σενάρια συνωμοσίας, ανέσυραν προφητείες και χρησμούς (σημερινά πράγματα) και κατηγορούσαν τον Περικλή για τα δεινά τους.
Και όλα αυτά από την αδυναμία του ανθρώπου, όσο ισχυρός κι αν νομίζει ότι είναι, να αντιμετωπίσει κάτι που έρχεται έξω από αυτόν, μια καταστροφή που δεν κάνει διακρίσεις σε φύλλο, ηλικία, θρήσκευμα, οικονομικό και κοινωνικό status. Ο πανίσχυρος Περικλής πέθανε μετά από δυο χρόνια χτυπημένος κι αυτός από τον θανατηφόρο ιό!»
Πηγή: iefimerida.gr
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