To soundtrack των παγωμένων δακτυλίων του Κρόνου: H χαοτική «σονάτα» του πλανήτη… ορχήστρα [video]

File Photo Οι δακτύλιοι του Κρόνου προκαλούν κυματομορφές Screenshot via YouTube video Astrum

Οι παγωμένοι δακτύλιοι του Κρόνου δεν είναι απλώς αισθητικά θαύματα.

Ενας από αυτούς ηχογραφεί ένα όμορφο πλανητικό soundtrack. Το εσωτερικό του πλανήτη, κρυμμένο κάτω από ένα κάλυμμα κυρίως αέριου υδρογόνου, συσπάται. Αυτό προκαλεί διακυμάνσεις στο τοπικό πεδίο βαρύτητας, το οποίο τραβάει τα σωματίδια στον εκτεταμένο δακτύλιο C του Κρόνου και τα κάνει να χορεύουν. Αυτά τα ιδιόρρυθμα χοροπηδήματα μπορούν να λάβουν τη μορφή σπειροειδών κυμάτων και ξεχωριστά σύνολα κυμάτων αποκαλύπτουν τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του εσωτερικού του Κρόνου.

Με άλλα λόγια, ο Κρόνος είναι μια ορχήστρα. Διαφορετικές νότες εμφανίζονται στον δακτύλιο C, όπως σε μια παρτιτούρα. Οι επιστήμονες μπορούν να διαβάσουν αυτές τις νότες, να ακούσουν τη μουσική και να προσδιορίσουν τα μεμονωμένα όργανα και τους μουσικούς που την ερμηνεύουν, χωρίς να δουν ποτέ την ίδια την ορχήστρα. Χρησιμοποιώντας δεδομένα από την αποστολή Cassini, που έληξε το 2017, οι επιστήμονες άκουσαν και αποδόμησαν μια ποικιλία συμφωνιών στον δακτύλιο C για μακρά χρονική περίοδο. Τώρα, δύο ερευνητές από το Ινστιτούτο Τεχνολογίας της Καλιφόρνιας –ο ειδικός στους πλανήτες Κρίστοφερ Μάνκοβιτς και ο θεωρητικός αστροφυσικός Τζιμ Φούλερ– αποκωδικοποίησαν εν μέρει αυτήν τη μουσική για να ακούσουν τους ήχους ενός από τα πιο αινιγματικά χαρακτηριστικά του Κρόνου: του πυρήνα του.

Σύμφωνα με τη δημοσίευσή τους στο περιοδικό Nature Astronomy, ο πυρήνας του πλανήτη είναι κολοσσιαίος: αποτελεί το 60% της ακτίνας του και ζυγίζει 55 φορές τη μάζα της Γης. Σε αντίθεση με την οργανωμένη συμπαγή συστάδα μεταλλικής, βραχώδους ή παγωμένης ύλης που βρίσκεται σε άλλους κόσμους, ο πυρήνας του Κρόνου είναι ένα χαοτικό αμάλγαμα από διάφορα πετρώματα και πάγους, που αναμειγνύονται με μια ρευστή μεταλλική μορφή υδρογόνου. Τα ευρήματα φέρνουν τους ερευνητές πιο κοντά στο να κατανοήσουν πώς γεννήθηκε ο Κρόνος, καθώς και άλλοι αέρινοι γίγαντες όπως ο Δίας. Τα γεωλογικά σπλάχνα της Γης, της Σελήνης και (πιο πρόσφατα) του Αρη χαρτογραφήθηκαν με σεισμόμετρα.

Καθώς ο Κρόνος δεν διαθέτει στερεά επιφάνεια, καθιστά αδύνατη μια τέτοιου είδους έρευνα. Ενα διαστημικό σκάφος σε τροχιά μπορεί να χαρτογραφήσει χοντρικά τη δομή του εσωτερικού στρώματος ενός αέριου πλανήτη, ανιχνεύοντας λεπτές αλλαγές στη βαρύτητα. Ωστόσο, ο πυρήνας του Κρόνου έχει τόσο αδύναμη επίδραση στο βαρυτικό πεδίο του πλανήτη που αυτή η τεχνική δεν μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την ακριβή απεικόνισή του. Ευτυχώς, η λάμψη του δακτυλίου C αποκάλυψε αυτό που οι παραδοσιακές τεχνικές δεν ήταν δυνατό να δουν. Τις τελευταίες τρεις δεκαετίες, οι επιστήμονες παρατήρησαν τα περίεργα σπειροειδή κύματα του δακτυλίου μέσω εικόνων (από τις αποστολές Voyager και Cassini) και τελικά αντιλήφθηκαν ότι αυτές οι σπείρες προκαλούνται από τεράστιες ταλαντώσεις στον Κρόνο. «Είναι απλώς συνεχείς σεισμοί που γίνονται παντού στον πλανήτη», είπε ο δρ Μάνκοβιτς. H τεχνική αυτή είναι γνωστή ως «κρονοσεισμολογία». Το 2019, η τεχνική χρησιμοποιήθηκε για να λύσει ένα ακόμη παζλ: πόσο διαρκεί μία ημέρα στον Κρόνο (περίπου 10 και μισή γήινες ώρες).

Ο πυρήνας του Κρόνου σιγά σιγά αποκαλύπτεται. Παλαιότερα μοντέλα απεικόνιζαν τον πλανήτη σαν μια πολυεπίπεδη σκληρή καραμέλα. Η κρονοσεισμολογία αποκάλυψε, όμως, την αλήθεια. Ο πυρήνας αποτελείται όχι μόνο από πέτρες και πάγο, αλλά και από ρευστό μεταλλικό υδρογόνο, το οποίο προηγουμένως ήταν πιθανώς ένα ξεχωριστό στρώμα. Υπάρχει περισσότερος βράχος και πάγος στο κέντρο του και πιο πολύ ρευστό μεταλλικό υδρογόνο στις εξωτερικές του άκρες, αλλά, σε όλη του την έκταση, όλα αναμειγνύονται σε ένα χαοτικό κοκτέιλ. Μαζί με τη μεταβατική αλλαγή από ρευστό σε αέριο υδρογόνο στα πιο ψηλά του σημεία, τα ευρήματα απεικονίζουν πλέον τον Κρόνο ως μια μεγάλη ασαφή μπάλα.

Παρά τη συνεχή επιτυχία της τεχνικής, οι επιστήμονες δεν γνωρίζουν ακόμη τι προκαλεί την ταλάντωση του πυρήνα και τη δημιουργία των σπειροειδών κυμάτων στον δακτύλιο C. Η Γη αντηχεί σαν καμπάνα όταν κλονίζεται από έντονες τεκτονικές κινήσεις. «Αλλά ο Κρόνος είναι ρευστός, οπότε πού είναι οι σεισμοί;» αναρωτιέται ο πλανητικός επιστήμων στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Αριζόνας και πρωτοπόρος της κρονοσεισμολογίας Μαρκ Μάρλεϊ, ο οποίος δεν συμμετείχε στην έρευνα. Οι μουσικοί της ορχήστρας μπορεί τελικά να αποκαλύφθηκαν, αλλά το κυνήγι για τον άπιαστο μαέστρο της ορχήστρας του Κρόνου συνεχίζεται.

Πηγή: https://hellasjournal.com

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