Ήρθε η ώρα για ριζικές αλλαγές στα δασαρχεία: Παθογένειες και λάθη ετών ζητούν λύση

Οι υποστηρικτές των δασικών υπηρεσιών θεωρούν ότι είναι άθλος που υπηρεσίες τόσο δραματικά υποστελεχωμένες και απαξιωμένες για περισσότερο από δύο δεκαετίες μπορούν σήμερα να προσφέρουν έργο για τα δάση και να υποστηρίξουν την κατάρτιση των δασικών χαρτών.

Οι πολέμιοί τους υποστηρίζουν ότι οι δασικές υπηρεσίες έχουν γίνει «βαθύ δημόσιο», ότι εξαντλούν την αυστηρότητά τους στα τυπικά αφήνοντας τα ουσιαστικά, ότι έχουν μετατραπεί σε γραφειοκρατικούς οργανισμούς. Ανεξάρτητα με το πού ακριβώς βρίσκεται η αλήθεια –και αν μπορεί να υπάρξει μια γενίκευση για το «αποτύπωμα» μιας υπηρεσίας που βρίσκεται σε κάθε γωνιά της χώρας– η μεταφορά όλων των διευθύνσεων δασών στο υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος δίνει την ευκαιρία για μια νέα αρχή.

Η «Κ» καταγράφει την άποψη ανθρώπων που είτε υπηρετούν σε δασικές υπηρεσίες, ή συνεργάζονται με αυτές, αναζητώντας τις αιτίες της σημερινής τους κατάστασης αλλά και προτάσεις για το μέλλον. Το ζητούμενο είναι πώς τα δασαρχεία θα μεταμορφωθούν τα επόμενα χρόνια, ώστε να ανταποκριθούν στις προκλήσεις της κλιματικής κρίσης στα δασικά οικοσυστήματα και στη βιοποικιλότητά τους.

«Η συζήτηση για τη μετακίνηση των Διευθύνσεων Δασών και των δασαρχείων στο υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος ξεκίνησε εδώ και αρκετό καιρό», λέει στην «Κ» ο γενικός γραμματέας Φυσικού Περιβάλλοντος και Υδάτων Κωνσταντίνος Αραβώσης.

«Το υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος έχει την ευθύνη της χάραξης εθνικής στρατηγικής και πολιτικής για την αξιοποίηση και προστασία των δασών. Την εφαρμογή είχαν οι δασικές υπηρεσίες, που υπάγονταν στις Αποκεντρωμένες Διοικήσεις, άρα στο υπουργείο Εσωτερικών. Η παράξενη αυτή διάρθρωση είχε δημιουργήσει πολλά ζητήματα. Για παράδειγμα, ένα βασικό πρόβλημα ήταν ότι δεν μπορούσαμε να παρακολουθήσουμε την πορεία των χρηματοδοτήσεων που δίναμε στις διευθύνσεις δασών για μελέτες και έργα. Επίσης, παρότι το υπουργείο έχει την ευθύνη κατάρτισης των δασικών χαρτών, δεν είχαμε πλήρη εικόνα για την πορεία λ.χ. των διορθώσεων. Η κάθετη διάρθρωση εκτιμώ ότι θα βοηθήσει στην καλύτερη επικοινωνία».
Οσον αφορά την ενίσχυση των υπηρεσιών, ο κ. Αραβώσης υποστηρίζει ότι είναι σε άμεση προτεραιότητα. «Οι δασικές υπηρεσίες έχουν αξιόλογο προσωπικό, αλλά γερασμένο και είναι βέβαια υποστελεχωμένες, καθώς δεν έχουν γίνει προσλήψεις για πολλά χρόνια. Τώρα σε πρώτη φάση θα προσλάβουμε μέσω του ΟΑΕΔ 700 άτομα διαφόρων ειδικοτήτων, ενώ έχουν ξεκινήσει διαδικασίες διαγωνισμού μέσω ΑΣΕΠ για την πρόσληψη ακόμα 1.100 ατόμων, ώστε να καλυφθεί το έλλειμμα. Κατά τη γνώμη μου, θα ξεκινήσει μια δημιουργική εποχή για τη δασική υπηρεσία».

Τη μετακίνηση των υπηρεσιών υποστηρίζει και η Πανελλήνια Ενωση Δασολόγων Δημοσίων Υπαλλήλων (ΠΕΔΔΥ). «Είναι στη θετική κατεύθυνση γιατί θα ενοποιηθούν διοικητικά όλες οι υπηρεσίες. Σήμερα έχουμε το φαινόμενο οι αποφάσεις του υπουργείου Περιβάλλοντος να εφαρμόζονται διαφορετικά ανά Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση, ανάλογα με τις προτεραιότητες του συντονιστή τους», εκτιμά ο Νικήτας Φραγκισκάκης, πρόεδρος της ΠΕΔΔΥ. «Ομως η υποστελέχωση είναι οξεία, χρειάζονται 1.200-1.300 άτομα, κυρίως δασολόγοι και δασοπόνοι – στους δασοφύλακες είναι καλύτερη η κατάσταση λόγω της μεταφοράς στα δασαρχεία των παλιών αγροφυλάκων το 2011. Οι δασικές υπηρεσίες είναι σήμερα εν ζωή επειδή το ασφαλιστικό… αύξησε την ηλικία συνταξιοδότησης».

Δεν συμφωνούν ωστόσο όλοι με τη μετακίνηση αυτή. «Το να κάνεις μέσα σε μια κρίση δομικές αλλαγές στη λειτουργία του κράτους είναι, κατά τη γνώμη μου, επιπόλαιη απόφαση», εκτιμά η Μαρία Κοζυράκη, δασολόγος και συντονίστρια της Αποκεντρωμένης Διοίκησης Κρήτης. «Η έλλειψη οργάνωσης των δασικών υπηρεσιών οφείλεται κατά κύριο λόγο στην υποστελέχωσή τους. Οποιος έχει υπηρετήσει σε δασική υπηρεσία ξέρει ότι έχουν μια λογική… σχεδόν στρατιωτική, σέβονται την ιεραρχία, πειθαρχούν στις αποφάσεις. Προσωπικά είμαι απογοητευμένη γιατί η πολιτική ηγεσία του ΥΠΕΝ πείστηκε ότι ο συγκεντρωτισμός θα είναι πιο ευέλικτος ή πιο γρήγορος. Οταν για παράδειγμα η Διεύθυνση Δασών Ρεθύμνου έχει μόλις τρεις δασολόγους (μαζί με τον διευθυντή) και λαμβάνει 7.000 ευρώ τον χρόνο για καθαρισμούς δασών, το πρόβλημα είναι γραφειοκρατικό ή η απαξίωση της υπηρεσίας;».

Η απαξίωση των δασικών υπηρεσιών δεν είναι αποτέλεσμα ούτε καν της τελευταίας δεκαετίας μόνο. Ο Λευτέρης Φραγκιουδάκης, συνταξιούχος σήμερα, υπηρέτησε 35 χρόνια ως γενικός διευθυντής Δασών (τότε στο υπουργείο Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης) και θεωρείται από τα πιο γνωστά πρόσωπα στον «χώρο» αυτό, με πλούσιο συγγραφικό έργο. «Μέχρι τα μέσα της δεκαετίας του ’90 η κατάσταση ήταν υποφερτή, παρότι δεν δίνονταν οι απαιτούμενες χρηματοδοτήσεις», αναφέρει. «Δυστυχώς στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του ’90 η τότε κυβέρνηση βασίστηκε σε εισηγήσεις αφερέγγυων ανθρώπων που διέβαλλαν τη δασική υπηρεσία και δόθηκε η αρμοδιότητα της πυρόσβεσης στα δάση στην Πυροσβεστική. Εκτοτε έχει καεί δύο φορές όλη η Ελλάδα, γιατί οι πυροσβέστες δεν γνωρίζουν ούτε τα δάση ούτε πώς να σβήνουν δασικές πυρκαγιές, κάτι που εμείς το διδασκόμασταν στο πανεπιστήμιο. Οι φωτιές δεν σβήνονται τη μέρα από αέρος, αλλά τη νύχτα με επίγεια μέσα. Από την άλλη πλευρά βέβαια και μεγάλο μέρος των υπαλλήλων των δασικών υπηρεσιών ήθελαν να φύγει η δασοπυρόσβεση από αυτούς, γιατί ήταν μεγάλη ευθύνη».

«Δεν γίνεται αραίωση»

Εκτοτε η πορεία των δασικών υπηρεσιών είναι φθίνουσα. «Δεν γίνονται προσλήψεις, δεν δίνονται πόροι. Αν δεν προηγηθεί δουλειά μέσα στα δάση, πώς περιμένεις να σβήσεις μια δασική πυρκαγιά; Για παράδειγμα, η επιστήμη λέει ότι τα πεύκα πρέπει να είναι έως 30 ανά στρέμμα και στα δάση μας είναι τα δεκαπλάσια ή περισσότερο, δεν γίνεται πια αραίωση. Είναι σαν να έχουν γίνει τα δάση μπαρουταποθήκες».

Οσον αφορά τις αιτιάσεις, ότι οι δασικές υπηρεσίες έχουν γίνει γραφειοκρατικές, ο κ. Φραγκιουδάκης συμφωνεί. «Ναι, αλλά ποιος τις έκανε έτσι; Ο νομοθέτης, που τις ήθελε μέρος του πελατειακού κράτους. Μπορεί και οι ίδιοι οι υπάλληλοι σε κάποιο βαθμό να οχυρώνονταν πίσω από τη γραφειοκρατία, όταν έβλεπαν πολιτικές πιέσεις και ήθελαν να προστατευθούν». Κατά τον κ. Φραγκιουδάκη, πρέπει να υπάρξει μια ριζική αναδιάρθρωση των υπηρεσιών. «Σήμερα υπάρχουν έως και 6-7 δασαρχεία ανά νομό. Θα πρέπει να είναι ένα ανά νομό και να χωριστεί σε τομείς ευθύνης, λ.χ. για την Αττική το Λαύριο, την Πάρνηθα, την Πεντέλη κ.ο.κ.».

«Η γραφειοκρατία οφείλεται στη νομοθεσία», λέει ο κ. Φραγκισκάκης, πρόεδρος της ΠΕΔΔΥ. «Ο ν. 4412/16 για τις δημόσιες συμβάσεις είχε ως αποτέλεσμα απλά δασοτεχνικά έργα που ανατίθεντο σε 10 μέρες, να χρειάζονται περί τους δύο μήνες. Επιπλέον, η μεταφορά των πόρων γινόταν μετά την έναρξη της αντιπυρικής περιόδου, αντί για τις αρχές του έτους. Αν αυτά τα δύο ζητήματα είχαν αντιμετωπιστεί, η κατάσταση θα ήταν πολύ καλύτερη». Οσον αφορά τις κατηγορίες που διατυπώνονται συχνά, για υπερβολική αυστηρότητα από πλευράς των δασικών υπηρεσιών στο θέμα της κοπής δέντρων κοντά σε σπίτια, ο κ. Φραγκισκάκης θεωρεί ότι είναι άδικες.

«Για τις εντός σχεδίου περιοχές, υπεύθυνες για το κόψιμο πεύκων είναι οι πολεοδομίες, όχι τα δασαρχεία. Στις εκτός σχεδίου περιοχές, αν υπάρχουν λόγω καιρικών φαινομένων καταπτώσεις δέντρων, εκδίδονται αστυνομικές διατάξεις (σ.σ. ένα είδος γενικής άδειας) και επιτρέπεται στους πολίτες να υλοτομήσουν σπασμένα δέντρα – όχι όμως για εμπορία αλλά για οικιακή χρήση. Αυτό είχε γίνει φέτος και στην Αττική».

Παραδασόβιοι πληθυσμοί και ο κρίσιμος ρόλος τους

«Πιστεύω ότι το βασικό ζήτημα είναι ότι πολλές δασικές υπηρεσίες είχαν αναλωθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια στην έκδοση πράξεων χαρακτηρισμού και τελευταίως στους δασικούς χάρτες. Το αποτέλεσμα ήταν να μη δίνεται βαρύτητα στη διαχείριση του δάσους», εκτιμά ο Νίκος Χλύκας, πρόεδρος ιδιωτικής μελετητικής εταιρείας (Nerco ΑΕΜ) που δραστηριοποιείται στον χώρο των δασικών και περιβαλλοντικών θεμάτων.

«Είναι όμως ορθές οι διαμαρτυρίες των δασολόγων, ότι οι υπηρεσίες είναι υποστελεχωμένες και υποχρηματοδοτημένες. Πιστεύω ότι εκτός από το ζήτημα της στελέχωσης, πρέπει οι δασικές υπηρεσίες να εκσυγχρονιστούν ουσιαστικά. Να επιμορφωθούν, να εμπλουτιστούν σε επιστημονικές ειδικότητες ώστε να μπορούν να ανταποκριθούν στα νέα δεδομένα. Δεν είμαστε πια στη φάση της διαχείρισης του δάσους για την παραγωγή ξύλου. Σήμερα προστατεύουμε το δάσος για την κλιματική αλλαγή, για τη βιοποικιλότητά του. Πρέπει οι δασικές υπηρεσίες να καταβάλουν προσπάθεια για να συγκρατήσουν τους παραδασόβιους πληθυσμούς, όσους δραστηριοποιούνται σε αυτά.

Οι πρόσφατες πυρκαγιές έδειξαν πόσο μπορούν αυτοί οι άνθρωποι να βοηθήσουν. Οσο για τη νομοθεσία, την κωδικοποίηση της οποίας πρόσφατα ολοκλήρωσε η εταιρεία μας, νομίζω ότι θα μπορούσε να αποτελέσει την ευκαιρία για μια διακομματική συζήτηση, ιδίως το κεφάλαιο για τις επιτρεπτές επεμβάσεις στα δάση. Να ξεκαθαρίσουμε ποιες δραστηριότητες θέλουμε –Γεωργία; Βιομηχανία; Τουρισμό;– και να τις οριοθετήσουμε με βάση τη νομολογία του ΣτΕ, ώστε η δασική υπηρεσία να αναλάβει ευκολότερα τον ρόλο της για την επόμενη μέρα».

Η επιμόρφωση των δασολόγων είναι ένα ζήτημα που ξεκινάει να απασχολεί και την ακαδημαϊκή κοινότητα. «Περνάμε σε μια νέα εποχή. Η κλιματική αλλαγή ασκεί ιδιαίτερες πιέσεις στα δασικά οικοσυστήματα και στη βιοποικιλότητά τους», εκτιμά ο πρόεδρος του τμήματος Δασολογίας του Δημοκριτείου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης, Γιώργος Τσαντόπουλος.

Τα νέα δεδομένα

«Ταυτόχρονα, η συμβολή των δασών στην αναχαίτιση της κλιματικής αλλαγής είναι ολοένα και σημαντικότερη, κάτι που φαίνεται πλέον και από τις νέες ευρωπαϊκές πολιτικές. Μια συζήτηση που ανοίγει αυτήν την εποχή στον ακαδημαϊκό χώρο είναι πώς η εκπαίδευση των νέων δασολόγων θα προσαρμοστεί στις αλλαγές που συντελούνται, πώς θα δοθεί μεγαλύτερη έμφαση στη σχέση δάσους και κλιματικής αλλαγής, δάσους και διατήρησης της βιοποικιλότητας. Παράλληλα οφείλουμε ως ακαδημαϊκοί να κάνουμε την αυτοκριτική μας και να εργαστούμε περισσότερο ώστε τα πορίσματα της επιστημονικής γνώσης να περνούν στην πράξη και να λαμβάνονται υπόψη στη λήψη αποφάσεων. Ειδάλλως η πολιτεία θα βρίσκεται μονίμως σε υστέρηση σε σχέση με τις εξελίξεις».

Από τον Οθωνα έως τις συνεχείς αναζωπυρώσεις της γραφειοκρατίας
Τους δύο αιώνες ζωής πλησιάζουν οι δασικές υπηρεσίες στη χώρα μας. Η πρώτη δασική υπηρεσία ιδρύθηκε το 1836 με διάταγμα «περί διοργανισμού των Δασονομείων» και οι διευθυντικές θέσεις καλύφθηκαν αποκλειστικά από Βαυαρούς. Την ίδια περίοδο θεσπίστηκαν τα πρώτα «δασοδιοικητικά» μέτρα που αφορούσαν στην απαγόρευση της ρητίνευσης των εθνικών δασών και στη ρύθμιση της βοσκής εντός των δασών, ενώ έγινε μια προσπάθεια απογραφής της δημόσιας δασικής ιδιοκτησίας (που βέβαια δεν ολοκληρώθηκε ποτέ).

Το 1893 δημιουργείται για πρώτη φορά κεντρική υπηρεσία (Τμήμα Δασών) στο υπουργείο Οικονομικών και προβλέπεται δημιουργία ειδικού Δασικού Σώματος, με 20 δασάρχες και 350 δασοφύλακες. Ενδιαφέρον στοιχείο είναι ότι προβλέφθηκε η χρήση αξιωματικών της Χωροφυλακής ως δασαρχών, όπου δεν υπήρχαν δασολόγοι. Το 1917 η αρμοδιότητα των δασών μεταφέρθηκε στο νεοϊδρυθέν υπουργείο Γεωργίας, όπου παρέμεινε για 93 χρόνια (έως το 2010). Ουσιαστικής οργάνωσης έτυχαν οι δασικές υπηρεσίες με τον ν. 3077/1924, τον πρώτο «Δασικό Κώδικα». Σύμφωνα με αυτόν τον νόμο, η χώρα διαιρέθηκε σε 14 Περιφερειακές Δασικές Επιθεωρήσεις που απαρτίζονταν από 55 Δασαρχεία και 65 Δασονομεία.

Το 1961 με το Β.Δ. 4/1961 ορίζεται ένα νέο οργανωτικό σχήμα των δασικών υπηρεσιών, σύμφωνα με το οποίο η Γενική Διεύθυνση Δασών απαρτίζεται από 5 Διευθύνσεις, την υπηρεσία Γενικής Επιθεώρησης Δασών και την υπηρεσία Δασικής Εκπαίδευσης και Εφαρμογών, ενώ οι περιφερειακές δασικές υπηρεσίες έχουν 16 Επιθεωρήσεις Δασών, 9 Επιθεωρήσεις Δασοτεχνικών Εργων, 77 Δασαρχεία και 40 Δασονομεία.

Το 1970 επιχειρείται νέα αναδιοργάνωση των περιφερειακών υπηρεσιών του υπουργείου Γεωργίας με τη Λ7/4.11.1970 απόφαση, σύμφωνα με την οποία δημιουργούνται επτά Επιθεωρήσεις Δασών ως υπηρεσίες διανομαρχιακού επιπέδου, υπαγόμενες στους περιφερειακούς διοικητές που έφεραν τον τίτλο υφυπουργού, 23 Διευθύνσεις Δασών νομαρχιακού επιπέδου μετά Δασαρχείων, 7 Διευθύνσεις Δασών χωρίς Δασαρχεία, 22 «Νομοδασαρχεία», 54 Δασαρχεία και 238 Δασονομεία υπαγόμενα στις νομαρχιακές δασικές υπηρεσίες. Για λίγα χρόνια, οι δασικές υπηρεσίες συνυπάρχουν στις νομαρχιακές υπηρεσίες του υπουργείου Γεωργίας με τις υπηρεσίες γεωργίας και κτηνιατρικής. Το 1977 ιδρύονται για πρώτη φορά Διευθύνσεις Αναδασώσεων στους Νομούς Αττικής και Θεσσαλονίκης. Το 1981 και το 1991 οι υπηρεσίες αναδιαρθρώθηκαν και πάλι, ενώ το 1991 η αρμοδιότητα των δασών αναβαθμίστηκε πολιτικά με την ίδρυση Γενικής Γραμματείας Δασών και Φυσικού Περιβάλλοντος.

Ακολούθησε η αποκέντρωση. Το 1997 οι δασικές υπηρεσίες μεταφέρθηκαν στις περιφέρειες και το 2010 στις αποκεντρωμένες διοικήσεις, ενώ η αρμοδιότητα των δασών μεταφέρθηκε το 2010 από το υπουργείο Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης στο υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος. Τέλος, στις 13 Αυγούστου 2021 (Α 143) οι δασικές υπηρεσίες των αποκεντρωμένων διοικήσεων μεταφέρθηκαν στο υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος, ως περιφερειακές υπηρεσίες του.

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