Μία γενεσιουργός σύγκρουση στην απαρχή του Σύμπαντος: Εξερευνώντας τη δημιουργία της Σελήνης [photo, video]

File Photo Είναι πολλές οι επιστημονικές θεωρίες για το πως γεννήθηκε το φεγγάρι NASA/JPL-Caltech)

Ο σχηματισμός των πλανητών ήταν πιθανότατα ακόμα πιο ακατάστατος και περίπλοκος από ό,τι πίστευαν έως τώρα οι περισσότεροι επιστήμονες, υποστηρίζει νέα μελέτη με επικεφαλής ερευνητές του Σεληνιακού και Πλανητικού Εργαστηρίου του Πανεπιστημίου της Αριζόνα.

Σύμφωνα με τη δεσπόζουσα θεωρία, πριν από περισσότερα από 4,4 δισεκατομμύρια χρόνια, ένα πλανητικό σώμα στο μέγεθος του Άρη προσέκρουσε στην αρχέγονη Γη, η οποία ακόμη σχηματιζόταν. Ο πλανήτης αυτός ονομάστηκε “Θεία” και όταν χτύπησε την Γη, κομμάτι της τελευταίας εκτινάχθηκε σε τροχιά και σχημάτισε το Φεγγάρι.

Τα ευρήματα αμφισβητούν αυτή την άποψη, σύμφωνα με την οποία, οι συγκρούσεις μεταξύ μικρότερων δομικών στοιχείων τα αναγκάζουν να κολλήσουν μεταξύ τους και με την πάροδο του χρόνου, οι επαναλαμβανόμενες συγκρούσεις συσσωρεύουν νέο υλικό στον αναπτυσσόμενο μικρό πλανήτη. 

Αντίθετα, οι συγγραφείς προτείνουν και αποδεικνύουν στοιχεία για ένα νέο σενάριο, στο οποίο τα προ-πλανητικά σώματα πέρασαν ένα μεγάλο μέρος του ταξιδιού τους μέσα στο εσωτερικό ηλιακό σύστημα, συγκρουόμενα και εξοστρακισμένα το ένα από το άλλο, πριν συναντηθούν ξανά σε μεταγενέστερο χρόνο. Έχοντας επιβραδυνθεί από την πρώτη τους σύγκρουση, θα ήταν πιο πιθανό να κολλήσουν μαζί την επόμενη φορά.

Υπάρχουν όμως κάποια ερωτήματα που προκύπτουν από το σενάριο της σύγκρουσης, το οποίο επικαλείται ένα μοναδικό καταστροφικό γεγονός, δήλωσαν οι συγγραφείς της νέας μελέτης.

«Το τυπικό μοντέλο απαιτεί μια πολύ αργή σύγκρουση, σχετικά μιλώντας, και δημιουργεί μια σελήνη που αποτελείται κυρίως από τον πλανήτη που συγκρούστηκε, όχι από την πρωτο-Γη, κάτι που αποτελεί σημαντικό πρόβλημα, δεδομένου ότι το φεγγάρι έχει ισοτοπική χημεία σχεδόν πανομοιότυπη με τη Γη», δήλωσε ο επικεφαλής συγγραφέας Έρικ Άσφογκ, καθηγητής στο Εργαστήριο Σελήνης και Πλανητών του Πανεπιστημίου της Αριζόνα.

Ο ερευνητής και οι συνάδελφοί του πραγματοποίησαν προσομοιώσεις σε υπολογιστή, της μακρινής γιγαντιαίας σύγκρουσης και κατέληξαν στην εξής θεωρία: Η Θεία και η πρωτο-Γη συγκρούστηκαν με μεγαλύτερες ταχύτητες απ’ ό,τι είχε προβλεφθεί προηγουμένως, δημιουργώντας μια αρχική σύγκρουση που έθεσε τις βάσεις για μια πιο αργή, συσσωρευτική συνάντηση μεταξύ των δύο κακοποιημένων σωμάτων περίπου 100.000 έως 1 εκατομμύριο χρόνια αργότερα.

«Η διπλή σύγκρουση αναμειγνύει τα πράγματα πολύ περισσότερο από ένα απλό γεγονός, γεγονός που θα μπορούσε να εξηγήσει την ισοτοπική ομοιότητα της Γης και του φεγγαριού, αλλά και το πώς θα μπορούσε να συμβεί η δεύτερη, αργή, συγχωνευτική σύγκρουση», δήλωσε ο Άσφογκ.

Τέτοιου είδους συγκρούσεις δεν περιορίζονταν στο εκκολαπτόμενο σύστημα Γη-Σελήνη εκείνες τις πρώτες ημέρες, αλλά ήταν πιθανώς περίπου τόσο συχνές όσο και οι συγχωνεύσεις λόγω συσσώρευσης στο αρχαίο εσωτερικό ηλιακό σύστημα, αναφέρει η ίδια ερευνητική ομάδα σε μια δεύτερη νέα μελέτη.

(A. Emsenhuber /University of Bern/University of Munich)

Στη δεύτερη μελέτη, οι επιστήμονες μοντελοποίησαν γιγάντιες συγκρούσεις στο εσωτερικό ηλιακό σύστημα και διερεύνησαν πώς αυτές οι συγκρούσεις επηρέασαν τον σχηματισμό των πλανητών και πώς εξελίχθηκαν οι τροχιές των εμπλεκόμενων αντικειμένων με την πάροδο του χρόνου. Διαπίστωσαν ότι η Γη πιθανότατα λειτούργησε ως ένα είδος ασπίδας για την Αφροδίτη. Αυτές οι αρχικές συγκρούσεις επιβράδυναν τους προσκρουστήρες, θέτοντας τις βάσεις για τις επαυξητικές συγχωνεύσεις με την Αφροδίτη αργότερα.

«Η επικρατούσα ιδέα ήταν ότι δεν έχει σημασία αν οι πλανήτες συγκρούονται και δεν συγχωνεύονται αμέσως, επειδή θα πέσουν ξανά ο ένας πάνω στον άλλον κάποια στιγμή και θα συγχωνευθούν τότε», δήλωσε ο Αλεξάντρ Εμσενχούμπερ, επικεφαλής συγγραφέας της δεύτερης μελέτης.

«Αλλά δεν βρίσκουμε αυτό», δήλωσε ο Εμσενχούμπερ. «Διαπιστώνουμε ότι καταλήγουν συχνότερα να γίνονται μέρος της Αφροδίτης, αντί να επιστρέφουν πίσω στη Γη. Είναι πιο εύκολο να πάει κανείς από τη Γη στην Αφροδίτη παρά το αντίθετο». Αυτό συμβαίνει επειδή η Αφροδίτη βρίσκεται πιο κοντά στον ήλιο, η ισχυρή βαρύτητα του οποίου, έλκει τα αντικείμενα.

Τα αποτελέσματα υποδηλώνουν ότι οι συνθέσεις της Γης και της Αφροδίτης μπορεί να διαφέρουν περισσότερο απ’ ό,τι πίστευαν οι επιστήμονες.

«Θα πίστευε κανείς ότι η Γη αποτελείται περισσότερο από υλικό από το εξωτερικό σύστημα, επειδή είναι πιο κοντά στο εξωτερικό ηλιακό σύστημα από ό,τι η Αφροδίτη», δήλωσε ο Άσφογκ. «Αλλά με τη Γη στο ρόλο του πρωτοπόρου, είναι πιο πιθανό η Αφροδίτη να συσσωρεύει υλικό του εξωτερικού ηλιακού συστήματος».

Και οι δύο νέες μελέτες δημοσιεύθηκαν online την Πέμπτη 24 Σεπτεμβρίου στην επιστημονική επιθεώρηση «The Planetary Science Journal».

Πηγή: https://hellasjournal.com/

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